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<title>Openness</title>

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<span id="openzim-page-title" class="mw-page-title-main"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Openness</span></span>

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<p><b>Openness</b> is an overarching concept that is characterized by an emphasis on <a href="Transparency_(behavior)" title="Transparency (behavior)">transparency</a> and <a href="Decentralized_decision-making" title="Decentralized decision-making">collaboration</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Peters_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Peters-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Schlagwein_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Schlagwein-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> That is, openness refers to "accessibility of knowledge, technology and other resources; the transparency of action; the permeability of organisational structures; and the inclusiveness of participation".<sup id="cite_ref-Schlagwein_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Schlagwein-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Openness can be said to be the opposite of closedness,<sup id="cite_ref-Schlagwein_2-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Schlagwein-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> central <a href="Authority" title="Authority">authority</a> and <a href="Secrecy" title="Secrecy">secrecy</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Peters_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Peters-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

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<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Openness_concept">Openness concept</h2></div>

<p>Openness has been attributed to a wide array of approaches in very different contexts as outlined below. While there is no universally accepted definition of the overarching concept of openness, a 2017 comprehensive review concludes that:

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<blockquote><p>Open terminology can refer to a higher-order concept (e.g. the ‘‘philosophy of openness’’); the nature of resources (e.g. ‘‘open data’’); the nature of processes (e.g. ‘‘open innovation’’); or the effects on specific domains (e.g. ‘‘open education’’) [...] The principles typically used to characterize this higher-order concept are: access to information and other resources; participation in an inclusive and often collaborative manner; transparency of resources and actions; and democracy or ‘‘democratization’’ such as the breaking up of exclusionary structures.<sup id="cite_ref-Schlagwein_2-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Schlagwein-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="In_government">In government</h2></div>

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</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="Open_government" title="Open government">Open government</a></div>

<p>Open government is the governing <a href="Doctrine" title="Doctrine">doctrine</a> which holds that citizens have the right to access the documents and proceedings of the government to allow for effective public <a href="Regulation" title="Regulation">oversight</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-ruma_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ruma-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p><p>Openness in government applies the idea of <a href="Freedom_of_information" title="Freedom of information">freedom of information</a> to information held by authorities and holds that citizens should have the right to see the operations and activities of government at work.<sup id="cite_ref-Birkinshaw_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Birkinshaw-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Since reliable information is requisite for accountability, freedom of access to information about the government supports government accountability and helps protect other necessary rights.<sup id="cite_ref-Birkinshaw_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Birkinshaw-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

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<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="In_creative_works">In creative works</h2></div>

<div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="Open_content" class="mw-redirect" title="Open content">Open content</a></div>

<p><a href="Open_content" class="mw-redirect" title="Open content">Open content</a> and <a href="Free_content" title="Free content">free content</a> both refer to creative works that lack restrictions on how people can use, modify, and distribute them.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-grossman_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-grossman-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The terms derive from <a href="Open_source_software" class="mw-redirect" title="Open source software">open source software</a> and <a href="Free_software" title="Free software">free software</a>, similar concepts that refer specifically to software.<sup id="cite_ref-Open_Content_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Open_Content-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

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<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="In_education">In education</h2></div>

<div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="Open_education" title="Open education">Open education</a></div>

<p>Open education refers to institutional practices and programmatic initiatives that broaden access to the learning and training traditionally offered through formal education systems. By eliminating <a href="Barriers_to_entry" title="Barriers to entry">barriers to entry</a>, <a href="Open_education" title="Open education">open education</a> aids freedom of information by increasing accessibility.

</p><p>Open Education advocates state people from all social classes worldwide have open access to high-quality education and resources. They help eliminate obstacles like high costs, outmoded materials, and legal instruments. These barriers impede collaboration among stakeholders. Cooperation is crucial to open education.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Open Education Consortium claims “Sharing is a fundamental attribute of education. Education means the sharing of knowledge, insights, and information with everybody. It is the foundation of new wisdom, ideas, talents, and understanding”.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Open Educational Resources refer to learning materials that educators can improve and modify with permission from their publishers or authors. Creators of OERs are allowed to include a variety of items such as lesson plans, presentation slides, lecture videos, podcasts, worksheets, maps, and images.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p><p>There are legitimate tools like the Creative Commons’ licenses that students can access and use at liberty. They are allowed to translate and amend these materials.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Public school teachers in the USA can share resources they developed as compliance for government-authorized standards in education. One of these is called the Common Core State Standards.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some teachers and school officials have recommended that OERs can help reduce expenses in production and distribution of course materials for primary and secondary institutions. Some teachers and school officials have recommended that OERs can help reduce expenses in production and distribution of course materials for primary and secondary institutions. Certain projects like the OER Commons as storage for open educational resources.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

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<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="In_science">In science</h2></div>

<div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="Open_science" title="Open science">Open science</a></div>

<p><a href="Open_science" title="Open science">Open science</a> refers to the practice of allowing peer-reviewed research articles to be available online free of charge and free of most copyright and licensing restrictions.<sup id="cite_ref-Suber_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Suber-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Benefits of this approach include: accelerated discovery and progress as researchers are free to use and build on the findings of others,<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> giving back to the public as much research is paid for with public funds,<sup id="cite_ref-Suber2_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Suber2-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and greater impact for one's work due to <a href="Open_access" title="Open access">open access</a> articles being accessible to a bigger audience.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

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<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="In_information_technology">In information technology</h2></div>

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<div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="Open-source_software" title="Open-source software">Open-source software</a>, <a href="Open-source_hardware" title="Open-source hardware">Open-source hardware</a>, and <a href="Open_data" title="Open data">Open data</a></div>

<p>In <a href="Open-source_software" title="Open-source software">Open-source software</a>, the user is given access to the sources such as <a href="Source_code" title="Source code">source code</a>. In <a href="Open-source_hardware" title="Open-source hardware">Open-source hardware</a>, the user gets access to sources such as design documents and <a href="Blueprint" title="Blueprint">blueprints</a>. <a href="Open_data" title="Open data">Open data</a> is <a href="Data" title="Data">data</a> that can be freely used and shared by anyone.

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<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="In_psychology">In psychology</h2></div>

<p>In psychology, <a href="Openness_to_experience" title="Openness to experience">openness to experience</a> is one of the domains which are used to describe human personality in the <a href="Five_Factor_Model" class="mw-redirect" title="Five Factor Model">Five Factor Model</a>.

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<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="In_business">In business</h2></div>

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</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable dablink excerpt-hat selfref">This section is an excerpt from <a href="Open_business" title="Open business">Open business</a>.<span class="mw-editsection-like "><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a class="external text external" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Open_business&action=edit">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div><div class="excerpt">

<p><a href="Open_business" title="Open business">Open business</a><sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> is an approach to <a href="Business" title="Business">enterprise</a> that draws on ideas from openness movements like <a href="Free_software" title="Free software">free software</a>, <a href="Open-source_model" class="mw-redirect" title="Open-source model">open source</a>, <a href="Open_content" class="mw-redirect" title="Open content">open content</a> and open tools and standards. The approach places value on <a href="Transparency_(humanities)" class="mw-redirect" title="Transparency (humanities)">transparency</a>, stakeholder inclusion, and accountability.

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Open business structures make contributors and non-contributors visible so that <i>business benefits are distributed accordingly</i>. They seek to increase personal engagement and positive outcomes by rewarding contributors in an open way.</div></div>

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<div class="side-box-text plainlist">Look up <i><b><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Special:Search/openness" class="extiw external" title="wiktionary:Special:Search/openness">openness</a></b></i> in Wiktionary, the free dictionary.</div></div>

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<ul><li><a href="Accessibility" title="Accessibility">Accessibility</a></li>

<li><a href="Freedom_of_association" title="Freedom of association">Free association</a></li>

<li><a href="Free_content" title="Free content">Free content</a></li>

<li><a href="Free_software" title="Free software">Free software</a></li>

<li><a href="Glasnost" title="Glasnost">Glasnost</a></li>

<li><a href="Open_source" title="Open source">Open source</a></li>

<li><a href="Open_access" title="Open access">Open access</a>: publishing</li>

<li><a href="Open_innovation" title="Open innovation">Open innovation</a></li>

<li><a href="Open_education" title="Open education">Open education</a></li>

<li><a href="Open_educational_resources" title="Open educational resources">Open educational resources</a></li>

<li><a href="Open-design_movement" title="Open-design movement">Open-design movement</a></li>

<li><a href="Open_government" title="Open government">Open government</a></li>

<li><a href="Open_Knowledge_Foundation" title="Open Knowledge Foundation">Open Knowledge Foundation</a></li>

<li><a href="Open_knowledge" title="Open knowledge">Open knowledge</a></li>

<li><a href="Open-mindedness" title="Open-mindedness">Open-mindedness</a></li>

<li><a href="Open_gaming" title="Open gaming">Open gaming</a></li>

<li><a href="Open_patent" class="mw-redirect" title="Open patent">Open patent</a></li>

<li><a href="Open-source_curriculum" title="Open-source curriculum">Open-source curriculum</a></li>

<li><a href="Open-source_governance" title="Open-source governance">Open-source governance</a></li>

<li><a href="Open-source_journalism" title="Open-source journalism">Open-source journalism</a></li>

<li><a href="Open-source_model" class="mw-redirect" title="Open-source model">Open-source model</a></li>

<li><a href="Open_standard" title="Open standard">Open standard</a></li>

<li><a href="Openness_to_experience" title="Openness to experience">Openness to experience</a></li>

<li><a href="Secrecy" title="Secrecy">Secrecy</a>: the opposite of openness</li>

<li><a href="The_Open_Definition" title="The Open Definition">The Open Definition</a></li>

<li><a href="Transparency_(behavior)" title="Transparency (behavior)">Transparency</a>: openness in a utilitarian view, economic openness, open economic or politic data, degree of openness, etc.</li></ul>

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<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References_and_notes">References and notes</h2></div>

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</style><cite id="CITEREFEcoAnna_CancogniDavid_Robey1989" class="citation book cs1"><a href="Umberto_Eco" title="Umberto Eco">Eco, Umberto</a>; Anna Cancogni; David Robey (1989). <i>The Open Work</i>. Harvard University Press. <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>9780674639751</bdi>.</cite></li></ul>

<ul><li><cite id="CITEREFSchlagweinConboyFellerLeimeister2017" class="citation journal cs1">Schlagwein, Daniel; Conboy, Kieran; Feller, Joseph; Leimeister, Jan Marco; Morgan, Lorraine (2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1057%2Fs41265-017-0049-3">"Openness With and Without Information Technology: A Framework and a Brief History"</a>. <i>Journal of Information Technology</i>. <b>32</b> (4): <span class="nowrap">297–</span>305. <a href="Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1057%2Fs41265-017-0049-3">10.1057/s41265-017-0049-3</a></span>. <a href="Hdl_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hdl (identifier)">hdl</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hdl.handle.net/10379%2F13819">10379/13819</a></span>.</cite></li></ul>

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